Most recent edit on 2009-03-05 03:06:21 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
The Teleconnection predicts a different redshift relation from that of standard general relativity. The redshift relation has a number of testable implications. A revised relationship between redshift and age offers the prospect of a reconciliation between observation and galaxy evolution models. The magnitude-redshift relation has been analysed using the Union compilation» compilation of data from the Supernova Cosmology Project». The quality of the fits is such that any improvement of the teleconnection no-Λ model over the standard concordance model» is wholly insignificant.
Deletions:
The Teleconnection predicts a different redshift relation from that of standard general relativity. The redshift relation has a number of testable implications. A revised relationship between redshift and age offers the prospect of a reconciliation between observation and galaxy evolution models. The magnitude-redshift relation has been analysed using the Union compilation of data from the Supernova project. The quality of the fits is such that any improvement of the teleconnection no-Λ model over the standard concordance model» is wholly insignificant.
Edited on 2009-03-05 02:58:28 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
← Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ →
The Teleconnection predicts a different redshift relation from that of standard general relativity. The redshift relation has a number of testable implications. A revised relationship between redshift and age offers the prospect of a reconciliation between observation and galaxy evolution models. The magnitude-redshift relation has been analysed using the Union compilation of data from the Supernova project. The quality of the fits is such that any improvement of the teleconnection no-
Λ model over the standard
concordance model» is wholly insignificant.
Hubble’s Law
Hubble’s law: z ≈ H0r ⁄ c.
Hubble's law» states that the redshift, z, of light coming from a galaxy is proportional to it’s distance, r. The constant of proportionality, H0, (in units in which lightspeed = c = 1) is Hubble’s constant. Hubble’s law applies to galaxies at small cosmological distances, but outside of the local supercluster». Light from a galaxy at a small cosmological distance, r, at seen at cosmic time t on earth, was emitted at cosmic time t − r. The teleconnection replaces the standard linear redshift law with a square law. So,
From which we read the value of Hubble’s parameter,
Hubble’s constant: For a teleconnection cosmology, 
This differs by a factor of 2 from the standard formula. It follows immediately that the rate of expansion of the universe is half, and that (for given cosmological parameters) the universe is twice as old as would be indicated by the standard redshift law.
Cosmological Parameters
The teleconnection redshift relation alters cosmological parameters but otherwise leaves the established equations of general relativity unchanged. Friedmann’s equation is
.
The cosmological parameters: In a teleconnection cosmology,
where k = −1, 0, 1 for a space of negative, zero or positive curvature respectively.
With these definitions, Ω + Ωk + ΩΛ = 1 as usual, but critical density for closure is a quarter of the standard value. The baryonic density, ΩB is four times greater on this scale. It follows that that missing mass can be made up by neutrinos. There is thus no reason to introduce exotic missing matter.
The table used Ned Wright»’s Cosmology Calculator» to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by analysis of local stellar motions under the teleconnection, and on the values of Ω found from analysis of supernova data, below. The data supports a closed no-Λ model with no time scale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter (a time scale problem means that the age of processes taking place within the universe are greater than that of the universe itself). |
Observations of the Early Universe
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about z = 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al», Cimmatti et al»). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of redshifted galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age, thereby alleviating pressure on the theory of galaxy evolution.
The James Webb Space Telescope», scheduled for launch in 2013, and the Extremely Large Telescopes», currently under design and development and due to come into service around 2018, will give a clear view of the universe at much higher redshifts. If we find mature galaxies at very high redshifts, it will be firm evidence that the universe the age of universe at at a given redshift is much greater than predicted by standard general relativity.
Supernova Redshift
Type 1a Supernovae» are formed when matter is sucked into a carbon-oxygen white dwarf» from a companion star (normally a giant). A white dwarf supports no nuclear fusion, and is maintained against gravitational collapse by electron degeneracy». When the mass of the white dwarf reaches the Chandrasekhar limit», approximately 1.4 solar masses, electron degeneracy can no longer support it against further gravitational collapse. The core heats and when it reaches the ignition temperature for carbon fusion» a runaway» reaction begins. The result is a supernova explosion». Because this process is almost identical in every case, all type 1A supernovae have almost exactly the same intrinsic brightness, or absolute magnitude». As a result, type 1A supernovae are the best available standard candles» from which we can determine cosmological parameters.
Redshift and magnitude each give a measure of the distance of the supernova. A plot of magnitude against redshift follows a curve which can be calculated from the cosmological parameters. We find the best fit to the data by adjusting the parameters so as to minimise the χ2 value (the sum of normalised squared differences between the data points and the curve). The Union compilation», prepared by the Supernova Cosmology Project» contains, at the time of writing, the most up to date supernova data from different sources, prepared in as uniform a manner as possible, from which 307 type 1A supernovae pass usability tests.
Data on the cosmic microwave background» (CMB) determined from the Wilkinson
Microwave Anisotropy Probe» (WMAP») indicates a flat space (Ωk = 0) model with non-zero cosmological constant, known as the concordance model». For 307 SNe in the Union compilation, the best fit concordance model gives Ω = 0.29 and χ2 = 311.0. The best fit teleconnection no-Λ model gives Ω = 1.92 and χ2 = 309.4. The difference in χ2 values is too small for comparison of the quality of the fits, as can also be seen in the plots. The predicted curves for the teleconnection no-Λ model and the standard concordance model are sufficiently close that it would only be possible to distinguish them by taking a large sample of supernova with redshifts greater than about 1.4. The Joint Dark Energy Mission» is currently considering three concepts for space telescopes intended to collect the sort of data which would be required, with projected launch dates before 2020.
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation. The theoretical curves for the best fit concordance and teleconnection models are green and red respectively.
The calculation of luminosity distance under the teleconnection follows the same pattern as in the standard model, but using the squared redshift law. The coordinate distance from emission at time te to detection at time t0 is
The angular size distance is a0sin2ρ, taking into account the doubling of angles required by the non-physical metric. Then, observing that energy and rate of photon emission are shifted by 1 + z, the luminosity distance is
The distance modulus is μ = 5logdL + 25, as usual.
Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ Anomalous Pioneer Blueshift →
Edited on 2009-03-05 02:57:16 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Deletions:
← Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ →
The Teleconnection predicts a different redshift relation from that of standard general relativity. The redshift relation has a number of testable implications. A revised relationship between redshift and age offers the prospect of a reconciliation between observation and galaxy evolution models. The magnitude-redshift relation has been analysed using the Union compilation of data from the Supernova project. The quality of the fits is such that any improvement of the teleconnection no-
Λ model over the standard
concordance model» is wholly insignificant.
Hubble’s Law
Hubble’s law: z ≈ H0r ⁄ c.
Hubble's law» states that the redshift, z, of light coming from a galaxy is proportional to it’s distance, r. The constant of proportionality, H0, (in units in which lightspeed = c = 1) is Hubble’s constant. Hubble’s law applies to galaxies at small cosmological distances, but outside of the local supercluster». Light from a galaxy at a small cosmological distance, r, at seen at cosmic time t on earth, was emitted at cosmic time t − r. The teleconnection replaces the standard linear redshift law with a square law. So,
From which we read the value of Hubble’s parameter,
Hubble’s constant: For a teleconnection cosmology,
This differs by a factor of 2 from the standard formula. It follows immediately that the rate of expansion of the universe is half, and that (for given cosmological parameters) the universe is twice as old as would be indicated by the standard redshift law.
Cosmological Parameters
The teleconnection redshift relation alters cosmological parameters but otherwise leaves the established equations of general relativity unchanged. Friedmann’s equation is
.
The cosmological parameters: In a teleconnection cosmology,
where k = −1, 0, 1 for a space of negative, zero or positive curvature respectively.
With these definitions, Ω + Ωk + ΩΛ = 1 as usual, but critical density for closure is a quarter of the standard value. The baryonic density, ΩB is four times greater on this scale. It follows that that missing mass can be made up by neutrinos. There is thus no reason to introduce exotic missing matter.
|
The table used Ned Wright»’s Cosmology Calculator» to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by analysis of local stellar motions under the teleconnection, and on the values of Ω found from analysis of supernova data, below. The data supports a closed no-Λ model with no time scale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter (a time scale problem means that the age of processes taking place within the universe are greater than that of the universe itself). |
Observations of the Early Universe
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about z = 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al», Cimmatti et al»). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of redshifted galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age, thereby alleviating pressure on the theory of galaxy evolution.
The James Webb Space Telescope», scheduled for launch in 2013, and the Extremely Large Telescopes», currently under design and development and due to come into service around 2018, will give a clear view of the universe at much higher redshifts. If we find mature galaxies at very high redshifts, it will be firm evidence that the universe the age of universe at at a given redshift is much greater than predicted by standard general relativity.
Supernova Redshift
Type 1a Supernovae» are formed when matter is sucked into a carbon-oxygen white dwarf» from a companion star (normally a giant). A white dwarf supports no nuclear fusion, and is maintained against gravitational collapse by electron degeneracy». When the mass of the white dwarf reaches the Chandrasekhar limit», approximately 1.4 solar masses, electron degeneracy can no longer support it against further gravitational collapse. The core heats and when it reaches the ignition temperature for carbon fusion» a runaway» reaction begins. The result is a supernova explosion». Because this process is almost identical in every case, all type 1A supernovae have almost exactly the same intrinsic brightness, or absolute magnitude». As a result, type 1A supernovae are the best available standard candles» from which we can determine cosmological parameters.
Redshift and magnitude each give a measure of the distance of the supernova. A plot of magnitude against redshift follows a curve which can be calculated from the cosmological parameters. We find the best fit to the data by adjusting the parameters so as to minimise the χ2 value (the sum of normalised squared differences between the data points and the curve). The Union compilation», prepared by the Supernova Cosmology Project» contains, at the time of writing, the most up to date supernova data from different sources, prepared in as uniform a manner as possible, from which 307 type 1A supernovae pass usability tests.
Data on the cosmic microwave background» (CMB) determined from the Wilkinson
Microwave Anisotropy Probe» (WMAP») indicates a flat space (Ωk = 0) model with non-zero cosmological constant, known as the concordance model». For 307 SNe in the Union compilation, the best fit concordance model gives Ω = 0.29 and χ2 = 311.0. The best fit teleconnection no-Λ model gives Ω = 1.92 and χ2 = 309.4. The difference in χ2 values is too small for comparison of the quality of the fits, as can also be seen in the plots. The predicted curves for the teleconnection no-Λ model and the standard concordance model are sufficiently close that it would only be possible to distinguish them by taking a large sample of supernova with redshifts greater than about 1.4. The Joint Dark Energy Mission» is currently considering three concepts for space telescopes intended to collect the sort of data which would be required, with projected launch dates before 2020.
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation. The theoretical curves for the best fit concordance and teleconnection models are green and red respectively.
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
The calculation of luminosity distance under the teleconnection follows the same pattern as in the standard model, but using the squared redshift law. The coordinate distance from emission at time te to detection at time t0 is
The angular size distance is a0sin2ρ, taking into account the doubling of angles required by the non-physical metric. Then, observing that energy and rate of photon emission are shifted by 1 + z, the luminosity distance is
The distance modulus is μ = 5logdL + 25, as usual.
Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ Anomalous Pioneer Blueshift →
Edited on 2009-03-05 02:54:46 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Deletions:
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Edited on 2008-09-13 09:46:21 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
""<table border="0" width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="right" alt="Supernovae-12" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-12.gif">
Deletions:
""<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><td><img class="right" alt="Supernovae-12" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-12.gif">
Edited on 2008-09-13 09:44:03 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
""<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><td><img class="right" alt="Supernovae-12" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-12.gif">
Deletions:
""<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="right" alt="Supernovae-12" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-12.gif">
Edited on 2008-09-13 09:43:04 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about z = 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al», Cimmatti et al»). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of redshifted galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age, thereby alleviating pressure on the theory of galaxy evolution.
The James Webb Space Telescope», scheduled for launch in 2013, and the Extremely Large Telescopes», currently under design and development and due to come into service around 2018, will give a clear view of the universe at much higher redshifts. If we find mature galaxies at very high redshifts, it will be firm evidence that the universe the age of universe at at a given redshift is much greater than predicted by standard general relativity.
Deletions:
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about z = 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al», Cimmatti et al»). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of redshifted galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
The James Webb Space Telescope», scheduled for launch in 2013, and the Extremely Large Telescopes», currently under design and development and due to come into service around 2018, will give a clear view of the universe at much higher redshifts. If we find mature galaxies at very high redshifts, it will be firm evidence that the universe the age of universe at at a given redshift is much greater than predicted by standard general relativity, thereby alleviating pressure on the theory of galaxy evolution.
Edited on 2008-09-13 09:34:00 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
← Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ →
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about z = 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al», Cimmatti et al»). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of redshifted galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
The calculation of luminosity distance under the teleconnection follows the same pattern as in the standard model, but using the squared redshift law. The coordinate distance from emission at time te to detection at time t0 is
Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ Anomalous Pioneer Blueshift →
Deletions:
← Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ →
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about z = 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al»). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
The calculation of luminosity distance under the teleconnection follows the same form as in the standard model, but using the squared redshift law. The coordinate distance from emission at time te to detection at time t0 is
Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ Lensing →
Edited on 2008-09-07 03:59:22 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation. The theoretical curves for the best fit concordance and teleconnection models are green and red respectively.
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
The distance modulus is μ = 5logdL + 25, as usual.
Deletions:
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation. The theoretical curves for the best fit concordance and teleconnection models are green and red respectively.
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
The distance modulus is μ =&nbps;5logdL + 25, as usual.
Edited on 2008-09-07 03:56:44 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
The calculation of luminosity distance under the teleconnection follows the same form as in the standard model, but using the squared redshift law. The coordinate distance from emission at time te to detection at time t0 is
The angular size distance is a0sin2ρ, taking into account the doubling of angles required by the non-physical metric. Then, observing that energy and rate of photon emission are shifted by 1 + z, the luminosity distance is
The distance modulus is μ =&nbps;5logdL + 25, as usual.
Edited on 2008-09-06 13:57:49 by CharlesFrancis
No differences.
Edited on 2008-09-06 13:56:01 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
From which we read the value of Hubble’s parameter,
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation. The theoretical curves for the best fit concordance and teleconnection models are green and red respectively.
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Deletions:
From which we read the value of Hubble’s parameter
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation. The theoretical curves for the best fit concordance and teleconnection models are green and red respectively.
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Edited on 2008-09-06 05:24:11 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
The table used <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/intro.html>Ned» Wright</a><sup>»</sup>’s <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html>Cosmology» Calculator</a><sup>»</sup> to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/papers/RadialVelocityTests.pdf>analysis» of local stellar motions</a> under the teleconnection, and on the values of <span class=math>Ω</span> found from analysis of supernova data, <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/rqg/Supernova#SupernovaRedshift>below</a>». The data supports a closed no-<span class=math>Λ</span> model with no time scale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter (a time scale problem means that the age of processes taking place within the universe are greater than that of the universe itself).</td></table>""
Deletions:
The table used <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/intro.html>Ned» Wright</a><sup>»</sup>’s <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html>Cosmology» Calculator</a><sup>»</sup> to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/papers/RadialVelocityTests.pdf>analysis» of local stellar motions</a> under the teleconnection), and on the values of <span class=math>Ω</span> found from analysis of supernova data, <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/rqg/Supernova#SupernovaRedshift>below</a>». The data supports a closed no-<span class=math>Λ</span> model with no time scale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter (a time scale problem means that the age of processes taking place within the universe are greater than that of the universe itself).</td></table>""
Edited on 2008-09-06 05:22:33 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation. The theoretical curves for the best fit concordance and teleconnection models are green and red respectively. ""<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="centre" alt="Supernovae-21" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-21.gif"></td></table>
Deletions:
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation.""<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="centre" alt="Supernovae-21" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-21.gif"></td></table>
Edited on 2008-09-06 05:20:45 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation.
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Deletions:
Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation against redshift.
Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Edited on 2008-09-06 05:19:14 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
The table used <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/intro.html>Ned» Wright</a><sup>»</sup>’s <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html>Cosmology» Calculator</a><sup>»</sup> to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/papers/RadialVelocityTests.pdf>analysis» of local stellar motions</a> under the teleconnection), and on the values of <span class=math>Ω</span> found from analysis of supernova data, <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/rqg/Supernova#SupernovaRedshift>below</a>». The data supports a closed no-<span class=math>Λ</span> model with no time scale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter (a time scale problem means that the age of processes taking place within the universe are greater than that of the universe itself).</td></table>
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about <span class=math><i>z</i> = 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution ([[http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0401037 Glazebrook et al]]). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="centre" alt="Supernovae-21" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-21.gif"></td></table>Magnitude plotted against redshift for 307 supernovae from the Union compiliation against redshift.
<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="centre" alt="supernovae-22" title="Classical space-time as an envelope" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-22.gif"></td></table>""Residuals to the best fit concordance model.
Deletions:
The table used <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/intro.html>Ned» Wright</a><sup>»</sup>’s <a href=http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/CosmoCalc.html>Cosmology» Calculator</a><sup>»</sup> to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/papers/RadialVelocityTests.pdf>analysis» of local stellar motions</a> under the teleconnection), and on the values of <span class=math>Ω</span> found from analysis of supernova data, <a href=http://www.teleconnection.info/rqg/Supernova#SupernovaRedshift>below</a>». The data supports a closed no-<span class=math>Λ</span> model with no timescale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter.</td></table>
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about <span class=math><i>z</i> = ˜6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution ([[http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0401037 Glazebrook et al]]). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="centre" alt="Supernovae-21" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-21.gif"></td></table><table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="right" alt="supernovae-22" title="Classical space-time as an envelope" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-22.gif"></td></table>""
Edited on 2008-09-06 04:36:49 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
Hubble's law» states that the redshift, z, of light coming from a galaxy is proportional to it’s distance, r. The constant of proportionality, H0, (in units in which lightspeed = c = 1) is Hubble’s constant. Hubble’s law applies to galaxies at small cosmological distances, but outside of the local supercluster». Light from a galaxy at a small cosmological distance, r, at seen at cosmic time t on earth, was emitted at cosmic time t − r. The teleconnection replaces the standard linear redshift law with a square law. So,
|
The table used Ned Wright»’s Cosmology Calculator» to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by analysis of local stellar motions under the teleconnection), and on the values of Ω found from analysis of supernova data, below. The data supports a closed no-Λ model with no timescale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter. |
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts up to about z = ˜6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al»). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
Deletions:
Hubble's law» states that the redshift, z, of light coming from a galaxy is proportional to it’s distance, r. The constant of proportionality, H0, (in units in which lightspeed = c = 1) is Hubble’s constant. Hubble’s law applies to galaxies at small cosmological distances, but outside of the local supercluster». Light from a galaxy at a small cosmological distance, r, at seen at cosmic time t on earth, was emitted at cosmic time t − r, and the teleconnection replaces the standard linear redshift law with a square law. So we have
The table used Ned Wright»’s Cosmology Calculator» to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by analysis of local stellar motions under the teleconnection), and on the values of Ω found from analysis of supernova data, below. The data supports a closed no-Λ model with no timescale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter.
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts of ˜1.5 < z < ˜6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
Edited on 2008-09-06 03:54:26 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
From which we read the value of Hubble’s parameter
The table used Ned Wright»’s Cosmology Calculator» to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by analysis of local stellar motions under the teleconnection), and on the values of Ω found from analysis of supernova data, below. The data supports a closed no-Λ model with no timescale problem and no requirement for exotic cold dark matter.
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies with redshifts of ˜1.5 < z < ˜6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1 Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5 Gyrs in age.
The James Webb Space Telescope», scheduled for launch in 2013, and the Extremely Large Telescopes», currently under design and development and due to come into service around 2018, will give a clear view of the universe at much higher redshifts. If we find mature galaxies at very high redshifts, it will be firm evidence that the universe the age of universe at at a given redshift is much greater than predicted by standard general relativity, thereby alleviating pressure on the theory of galaxy evolution.
Type 1a Supernovae» are formed when matter is sucked into a carbon-oxygen white dwarf» from a companion star (normally a giant). A white dwarf supports no nuclear fusion, and is maintained against gravitational collapse by electron degeneracy». When the mass of the white dwarf reaches the Chandrasekhar limit», approximately 1.4 solar masses, electron degeneracy can no longer support it against further gravitational collapse. The core heats and when it reaches the ignition temperature for carbon fusion» a runaway» reaction begins. The result is a supernova explosion». Because this process is almost identical in every case, all type 1A supernovae have almost exactly the same intrinsic brightness, or absolute magnitude». As a result, type 1A supernovae are the best available standard candles» from which we can determine cosmological parameters.
Redshift and magnitude each give a measure of the distance of the supernova. A plot of magnitude against redshift follows a curve which can be calculated from the cosmological parameters. We find the best fit to the data by adjusting the parameters so as to minimise the χ2 value (the sum of normalised squared differences between the data points and the curve). The Union compilation», prepared by the Supernova Cosmology Project» contains, at the time of writing, the most up to date supernova data from different sources, prepared in as uniform a manner as possible, from which 307 type 1A supernovae pass usability tests.
Data on the cosmic microwave background» (CMB) determined from the [[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/» Wilkinson
Deletions:
From which we read the value of Hubble’s parameter
The table used Ned Wright»’s Cosmology Calculator» to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by analysis of local stellar motions under the teleconnection), and on the values of Ω found from analysis of supernova data, below. The data supports for a closed no-Λ model with no timescale problem and no requirement for exotic Cold Dark matter.
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies from redshifts of 1.5 < z 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5Gyrs in age.
The James Webb Space Telescope», scheduled for launch in 2013, and the Extremely large telescopes», currently under design and development and due to come into service around 2018, will give a clear view of the universe at much higher redshifts. If we find mature galaxies at very high redshifts, it will be firm evidence that the universe the age of universe at at a given redshift is much greater than predicted by standard general relativity, thereby alleviating pressure on the theory of galaxy evolution.
Type 1a Supernovae» are formed when matter is sucked into a carbon-oxygen white dwarf» from a companion star (normally a giant). A white dwarf supports no nuclear fusion, and is maintained against gravitational collapse by electron degeneracy». When the mass of the white dwarf reaches the Chandrasekhar limit», approximately 1.4 solar masses, electron degeneracy can no longer support it against further gravitational collapse. The core heats and when it reaches the ignition temperature for carbon fusion» a runaway» reaction begins. The result is a supernova explosion. Because this process is almost identical in every case, all type 1A supernovae have almost exactly the same intrinsic brightness, or absolute magnitude». As a result, type 1A supernovae are the best available standard candles» from which we can determine cosmological parameters.
Redshift and magnitude each give a measure of the distance of the supernova. A plot of magnitude against redshift follows a curve which can be calculated from the cosmological parameters. We find the best fit to the data by adjusting the parameters so as to minimise the chi^2 value (the sum of normalised squared differences between the data points and the curve). The Union compilation», prepared by the Supernova Cosmology Project» contains, at the time of writing, the most up to date supernova data from different sources, prepared in as uniform a manner as possible, from which 307 type 1A supernovae pass usability tests.
Data on the Cosmic microwave background» (CMB) determined from the [[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/» Wilkinson
""<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="right" alt="Supernovae-21" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernova-21.gif"></td></table><table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="right" alt="supernovae-22" title="Classical space-time as an envelope" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-22.gif"></td></table>
Edited on 2008-09-06 03:39:35 by CharlesFrancis
Additions:
where k = −1, 0, 1 for a space of negative, zero or positive curvature respectively.
Deletions:
where <span class=math><i>k</i> = −1, 0, 1 for a space of negative, zero or positive curvature respectively.
Oldest known version of this page was edited on 2008-09-06 03:35:48 by CharlesFrancis []
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← Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ →
The Teleconnection predicts a different redshift relation from that of standard general relativity. The redshift relation has a number of testable implications. A revised relationship between redshift and age offers the prospect of a reconciliation between observation and galaxy evolution models. The magnitude-redshift relation has been analysed using the Union compilation of data from the Supernova project. The quality of the fits is such that any improvement of the teleconnection no-
Λ model over the standard
concordance model» is wholly insignificant.
Hubble’s Law
Hubble’s law: z ≈ H0r ⁄ c.
Hubble's law» states that the redshift,
z, of light coming from a galaxy is proportional to it’s distance,
r. The constant of proportionality,
H0, (in units in which
lightspeed = c = 1) is
Hubble’s constant. Hubble’s law applies to galaxies at small cosmological distances, but outside of the
local supercluster». Light from a galaxy at a small cosmological distance,
r, at seen at cosmic time
t on earth, was emitted at cosmic time
t − r, and the teleconnection replaces the standard linear redshift law with a square law. So we have
From which we read the value of Hubble’s parameter
Hubble’s constant: For a teleconnection cosmology,
This differs by a factor of
2 from the
standard formula. It follows immediately that the rate of expansion of the universe is half, and that (for given cosmological parameters) the universe is twice as old as would be indicated by the standard redshift law.
Cosmological Parameters
The teleconnection redshift relation alters cosmological parameters but otherwise leaves the established equations of general relativity unchanged.
Friedmann’s equation is
.
Normalising, such that
Ω = 1 is
critical density for closure in a no-
Λ model,
Ω takes on four times its standard value.
The cosmological parameters: In a teleconnection cosmology,
where <span class=math><i>k</i> = −1, 0, 1 for a space of negative, zero or positive curvature respectively.
With these definitions,
Ω + Ωk + ΩΛ = 1 as usual, but critical density for closure is a quarter of the standard value. The baryonic density,
ΩB is four times greater on this scale. It follows that that missing mass can be made up by neutrinos. There is thus no reason to introduce exotic missing matter.
The table used
Ned Wright»’s
Cosmology Calculator» to compare the properties of the standard model with those of the teleconnection, (based on an adjustment of the local distance scale predicted by
analysis of local stellar motions under the teleconnection), and on the values of Ω found from analysis of supernova data,
below. The data supports for a closed no-
Λ model with no timescale problem and no requirement for exotic Cold Dark matter.
Observations of the Early Universe
If observations at high redshift had revealed the expected activity of the early universe it would have falsified the square redshift law; in fact observations of galaxies from redshifts of
1.5 < z 6 have shown a much more mature universe than had been expected, and much faster apparent formation of large galaxies than can be accounted for by theoretical models of galaxy evolution (Glazebrook et al). The teleconnection presents an alternative. A square redshift law means we have to revise the ages of red galaxies. At a redshift of 3 the universe would have been a quarter of its current size under the standard law and only 2.1Gyrs in age. Under the teleconnection it would have been half its current size and 4.5Gyrs in age.
The
James Webb Space Telescope», scheduled for launch in 2013, and the
Extremely large telescopes», currently under design and development and due to come into service around 2018, will give a clear view of the universe at much higher redshifts. If we find mature galaxies at very high redshifts, it will be firm evidence that the universe the age of universe at at a given redshift is much greater than predicted by standard general relativity, thereby alleviating pressure on the theory of galaxy evolution.
Supernova Redshift
Type 1a Supernovae» are formed when matter is sucked into a carbon-oxygen
white dwarf» from a companion star (normally a giant). A white dwarf supports no nuclear fusion, and is maintained against gravitational collapse by
electron degeneracy». When the mass of the white dwarf reaches the
Chandrasekhar limit», approximately 1.4 solar masses, electron degeneracy can no longer support it against further gravitational collapse. The core heats and when it reaches the ignition temperature for
carbon fusion» a
runaway» reaction begins. The result is a supernova explosion. Because this process is almost identical in every case, all type 1A supernovae have almost exactly the same intrinsic brightness, or
absolute magnitude». As a result, type 1A supernovae are the best available
standard candles» from which we can determine cosmological parameters.
Redshift and magnitude each give a measure of the distance of the supernova. A plot of magnitude against redshift follows a curve which can be calculated from the cosmological parameters. We find the best fit to the data by adjusting the parameters so as to minimise the chi^2 value (the sum of normalised squared differences between the data points and the curve). The
Union compilation», prepared by the
Supernova Cosmology Project» contains, at the time of writing, the most up to date supernova data from different sources, prepared in as uniform a manner as possible, from which 307 type 1A supernovae pass usability tests.
Data on the
Cosmic microwave background» (CMB) determined from the
Wilkinson
Microwave Anisotropy Probe» (
WMAP») indicates a flat space (
Ωk = 0) model with non-zero cosmological constant, known as the
concordance model». For 307 SNe in the Union compilation, the best fit concordance model gives
Ω = 0.29 and
χ2 = 311.0. The best fit teleconnection no-
Λ model gives
Ω = 1.92 and
χ2 = 309.4. The difference in
χ2 values is too small for comparison of the quality of the fits, as can also be seen in the plots. The predicted curves for the teleconnection no-
Λ model and the standard concordance model are sufficiently close that it would only be possible to distinguish them by taking a large sample of supernova with redshifts greater than about 1.4. The
Joint Dark Energy Mission» is currently considering three concepts for space telescopes intended to collect the sort of data which would be required, with projected launch dates before 2020.
""<table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="right" alt="Supernovae-21" title="magnitude-redshift relation" src="images/supernova/Supernova-21.gif"></td></table><table width=100% cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><td><img class="right" alt="supernovae-22" title="Classical space-time as an envelope" src="images/supernova/Supernovae-22.gif"></td></table>
Supernovae Redshifts and Cosmological Parameters ↑ Lensing →
